What type of learning emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior?

Operant conditioning is the type of learning that emphasizes the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior. This learning theory, originally developed by B.F. Skinner, posits that behaviors can be increased or decreased based on the consequences that follow them. When a behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus, it is more likely to be repeated in the future. Conversely, if a behavior is followed by a punishment or a negative outcome, the likelihood of that behavior being repeated decreases.

Reinforcement can be positive (adding a desirable stimulus) or negative (removing an aversive stimulus) and plays a crucial role in developing voluntary behaviors. The focus is on how external factors influence behavior through reinforcement rather than internal cognitive processes or observational learning from others.

Cognitive learning involves an understanding of how mental processes affect learning and behavior, while observational learning relies on watching and imitating others without direct reinforcement. Stimulus-response theory connects stimuli directly to responses but does not emphasize the reinforcement aspect as central to learning behavior. Thus, operant conditioning is specifically characterized by its focus on reinforcement in shaping behavior.