What method involves reinforcing the desired response while extinguishing others?

The concept of differential reinforcement is crucial in behavior modification and learning. It specifically refers to the method of reinforcing a particular desired response while simultaneously discouraging (or extinguishing) other, undesired behaviors. This technique emphasizes rewarding the behavior that is sought after, which increases the likelihood of the reoccurrence of that behavior, while withholding reinforcement or applying negative consequences to the behaviors that are being targeted for reduction.

The effectiveness of differential reinforcement lies in its ability to shape behavior in a more nuanced manner. Rather than punishing or merely ignoring unwanted behaviors, this method actively promotes the behaviors that are favored, making it a positive strategy for behavior change. In various settings, such as in education or behavior therapy, differential reinforcement can lead to improved outcomes by focusing on positive reinforcement and gradually reducing less desirable behaviors.

The other methods mentioned do not share this specific focus on behavior modification through reinforcement. Observational learning pertains to learning that occurs through observing the behaviors of others rather than through direct reinforcement. Fixed-action patterns refer to instinctual behaviors that are performed in a specific way and are not shaped through reinforcement. Cognitive maps involve mental representations of physical space or concepts and are unrelated to reinforcement strategies in modifying behavior.