How do neuromodulators differ from traditional neurotransmitters?

Neuromodulators differ from traditional neurotransmitters primarily because they often have more complex and varied mechanisms of action. While traditional neurotransmitters act quickly at synapses to influence the immediate behavior of neurons, neuromodulators can have widespread effects on a larger area of the brain and can alter the overall activity of neuronal circuits. They modulate how neurons respond to neurotransmitters and may take longer to exert their effects, thereby affecting the strength and quality of signaling over time. This modulation can lead to changes in mood, behavior, and responses to stimuli, showing the nuanced role that neuromodulators play in the nervous system.

In contrast, traditional neurotransmitters typically facilitate quicker responses and precise communication between neurons. The assertion that neuromodulators act faster, only function in the peripheral nervous system, or produce immediate effects does not accurately reflect their role. Neuromodulators impact overall brain function and can influence neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission for prolonged periods, showcasing their complexity and flexibility in action.